The Operational Process of Al-Hassan Group of Companies of Oman Essay - 3

The Operational Process of Al-Hassan Group of Companies of Oman - Essay Example This paper delineates that Al-Hassan Group of Companies is probably the biggest organization in Oman. They work primarily in the vitality area and are occupied with cooking administrations just as items to their client base. The market of Al-Hassan isn't just kept to the local customers yet they additionally trade items to other Gulf countries. They are additionally attempting to improve their activities in the European and Asian markets for additional expanding the benefit age process and hierarchical turn of events. The operational procedure of the business is along these lines created in a mind boggling way which incorporates administration just as item the executives. The administrations are significantly reliant on the interest of the nearby commercial center of Oman while the item fabricating process thinks about the interest at a global level. The assembling portion of the organization can be sectioned essentially to three gatherings which are Al-Hassan Switchgear Manufacturin g Co. LLC (AHSG), Al-Hassan Power Industries LLC (AHPR) and Al Hassan Lighting and Fan Industries LLC. The exercises of every one of the three creation units are kept up with the assistance of exacting checking and execution advancement forms. Al-Hassan’s operational capacities are not responsive or fixed, rather they are versatile in nature which permits the organization to conform to the adjustments popular of the buyers and in like manner build up their flexibly forms. The customary transition in the tasks no uncertainty decreases the market chances yet this likewise can disturb the creation forms. Likewise, it was noticed that in contrast with the proportion of changes being executed in the gracefully chain framework, the usage of progress the executives methodology is constrained in Al-Hassan.

Dietary Behaviours and Academic Achievement †Assignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Dietary Behaviors and Academic Achievement. Answer: Presentation: Breakfast is a significant feast, which empowers individuals for doing the fundamental assignments in a proficient and powerful way (O'Neil et al., 2014). Thus lays the fittingness of the maxim, Have breakfast like a lord. The citation lines up with the customary shows identified with the significance of eating (Clayton James, 2016). If there should arise an occurrence of youngsters likewise, this citation holds equivalent significance. It is the guardians obligation to guarantee that the kids have legitimate breakfast before heading off to the schools. Be that as it may, resting for additional hours and rising late are the grounds, which constrain the youngsters to skirt the most significant supper of the day (Burrows et al, 2017). Be that as it may, it is seen that a portion of the youngsters, while going to class, snatch an apple or a sandwich to eat in transit (O'Donovan, Berman Wierenga, 2015). This breaks the idea of eating with the relatives. Be that as it may, in the 21st century, the greater part of the guardians are working, which denies the offspring of nutritious breakfast. It is at this stage, the schools need to take solid and adaptable duty with respect to the sustenance of the kids (Turner Wilks, 2016). Powerlessness of the guardians to give legitimate nourishment to the kids requires the schools to assume this liability. As it is an issue of the improvement of the youngsters, oriental methodology has adaptability to yield positive outcomes. Advancement of a structure for advancing towards the presentation of Breakfast Programs in schools would assist the specialists with ensuring the prosperity and appropriate improvement of the youngsters during formative stages itself. The Australian Government has embraced numerous activities to fill the sustenance hole in the life of the kids (Testa, 2014). One such activity is the School Breakfast Program. A gathering of understudies coming to schools without any morning meals frightened the administration authorities in regards to the sustenance of the kids (Nepper Chai, 2015). The consequence of this was the presentation of School Breakfast Program (Harvey et al., 2015). The motivation behind the program was to guarantee that every single youngster have an equivalent access to nutritious breakfast each day (Turner Wilks, 2016). The schools enlisted under this program are provided with quality canned organic product juice, wheat rolls, oats, vegemite, spaghetti, canned prepared beans and milk, which is warmed at 135 degree Celsius and 275 degree Fahrenheit (O'Neil et al., 2014). Alongside this, the schools additionally get supplies of bread, new natural products, vegetables and yogurt (O'Neil et al., 2014). These projects have elevated the status of the beneath neediness level kids (Varela et al., 2014). Employments of School Breakfast Program So as to guarantee the prosperity of the network kids, Sunset school at Mount Isa in north-west of Queensland has propelled a sustenance program (Testa, 2014). The principle goal of this program was to expand the participation level among the understudies. 13% heightening in the participation of the understudies mirrors the satisfaction of the predefined objective (Testa, 2014). Accomplishing this target inside a limited ability to focus 2 years incorporates the cognizant methodology of the school specialists towards the advancement of the network kids (Testa, 2014). Tea is one of the fundamental things in the morning meal menu, which is set up for the understudies (Testa, 2014). The understudies can appreciate solid breakfast, which is without any charges (Testa, 2014). The available resources embraced by the school specialists reflect network administration to the all the grown-ups and youngsters inside a low financial foundation, regardless of their standing, ideology, shading and religion (Testa, 2014). This sort of structure extends a confirmed response to the proposed articulation. Decline in the paces of infections and non-attendants have improved the scholastic execution of the kids, this is because of the heightening in the evaluation levels (Harvey et al., 2015). As per the factual information, one out of seven Australian youngsters goes to class without eating. The reactions gave by 16,100 kids constrained the Australia Bureau of Statistics (ABS) staff to offer this expression (O'Neil et al., 2014). Considering this overview report, the insistence with respect to the proposed proclamation achieves most extreme significance. 15.2% of the examples don't eat, which has antagonistically influenced the scholastic execution (O'Neil et al., 2014). Taking into account this condition, advancement of a solid and adaptable system for presenting breakfast plans may acquire recognizable upgrades the scholastics for the understudies. Oriental methodology towards the advancement of this system would help the school specialists to accomplish positive results. For this, money related stock should be estimated, which would bring about the presentation of the solid and nutritious plans for the kids. Countering this, thought of the measurements with respect to the kids skipping breakfast accomplishes a critical position. Counter contending this, looking over the guardians about their inclinations for the morning meal things. The study distributed by ABS can fill in for instance for the school specialists (Testa, 2014). Alongside this, the school specialists need to think about the dietary limits of the kids and its effect on their wellbeing (Testa, 2014). As indicated by the report distributed by the South Australian government authorities, an egg and bacon biscuit has 1500 kilojoules (kJ) (Testa, 2014). In this manner, if the grade school understudies are furnished with egg and bacon biscuit in their morning meal, they would be stimulated and can focus on their examinations. A couple of serving of the egg and bacon biscuit is okay for the understudies. Normal serving would make the kids hefty, going about as a snag in their scholastic foundation (Clayton James, 2016). Despite what might be expected, if the youngsters are presented with a bowl of cornflakes with milk and top it with hacked natural product pieces, it has enough calories, which would give vitality to the kids and increment their fixation levels (O'Neil et al., 2014) The significance of formative issue, in the event of the youngsters mirrors the requirement for exploring different avenues regarding various types of breakfast choices for the kids. In any case, it should be guaranteed that the nature of the dinner stays flawless. Something else, the youngsters would get the supper, yet not the supplements required for their turn of events. Absence of awareness toward this path would drive the eventual fate of the kids into dim, scrutinizing the job of the schools and guardians regarding guaranteeing the prosperity of the kids (O'Donovan, Berman Wierenga, 2015). Review it from the other viewpoint, cognizant and normal methodology towards the improvement of system lines up with the setting approach, which would help the school specialists to lead the understudies towards an appropriate turn of events, care and sustenance (Nepper Chai, 2015). References Tunnels, T., Goldman, S., Olson, R. K., Byrne, B., Coventry, W. L. (2017). Relationship between chose dietary practices and scholarly accomplishment: An investigation of Australian school matured children.Appetite,116, 372-380. Clayton, D. J., James, L. J. (2016). The impact of breakfast on craving guideline, vitality parity and exercise performance.Proceedings of the Nutrition Society,75(3), 319-327. Harvey-Golding, L., Donkin, L. M., Blackledge, J., Defeyter, M. A. (2015). General free school breakfast: a subjective model for breakfast behaviors.Frontiers in open health,3. Nepper, M. J., Chai, W. (2015). Foods grown from the ground Intake and Dietary Patterns of Preadolescents Attending Schools in the Midwest.Journal of Child Nutrition Management,39(2), n2. O'Donovan, R., Berman, N., Wierenga, A. (2015). How schools can move past exclusion.International Journal of Inclusive Education,19(6), 645-658. O'Neil, C. E., Byrd-Bredbenner, C., Hayes, D., Jana, L., Klinger, S. E., Stephenson-Martin, S. (2014). The job of breakfast in wellbeing: definition and models for a quality breakfast.Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,114(12), S8-S26. Testa, D. (2014). What do essential understudies state about school-based social work programmes?.International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education,27(4), 490-508. Turner, A., Wilks, J. (2016). A spot for food in Australian schools: a socio-chronicled audit of food education.International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 1-14. Varela, P., Antnez, L., Cadena, R. S., Gimnez, An., Ares, G. (2014). Attentional catch and significance of bundle qualities for buyers' apparent likenesses and contrasts among items: A contextual investigation with breakfast oat packages.Food look into international,64, 701-710.

Bridge Building In Progress

Bridge Building In Progress In order to graduate from Course 1, you have to take a class called 1.013 (Senior Civil and Environmental Engineering Design, for those not yet versed in MIT speak). There are a LOT of components to this class, but one of the most fun is building, well, a bridge. It is pretty much what it sounds like. We are given a general prompt and sent on our way: Savannah climates have streams that are dry or have low flow most of the year and can be easily crossed by foot during these periods. However, during the flood stages, such streams represent impassable obstacles. A footbridge that can be quickly assembled from easily available materials will be designed, detailed, fabricated, built and tested by the student teams. There are a few requirements, such as failure criteria, and that the bridge has to be 10 ft long, with a 2 ft wide deck and 2-3 ft clearance above the water level, but other than that, it is really up to our imaginations (and engineering skills). Oh, and it is supposed to hold 2000 lbs of distributed load (and hopefully the building team as well). Failure Criteria Collapse Criteria Collapse Load 1.5 Max Working Load Serviceability Maximum allowable LL deflection L/360 Maximum allowable TL deflection L/240 Loads LL: 100 lbs./sq.ft. After spending the past few semesters in classes like 1.050, 1.035 and 1.036 learning the fundamentals of structural design, this is a chance to build a structure and test it. Even though I will likely have very little to do with structural engineering in the future (I am heading into a little sub-field of civil engineering known as transportation), it has been a lot of fun to see our design come to fruition. When I was younger, I wanted to be a bridge engineer and spent much of my childhood building and testing bridges in my basement. Most of my bridges then were maybe a foot long, rather than ten, so I am enjoying doing a full-scale project. Our completed trusses Best part? Easily carried by one person My team decided to go a bit of a different direction that most and try and come up with an innovative material to use for our bridge. We have a pretty simple design (a truss bridge), but are using PVC and PVC connectors to construct the bridge. Although PVC isn’t necessarily the most readily available material in developing countries ( a minor part of the project), it can be quickly assembled and is very light, making it ideal for emergency situations where aid might be brought in, and has the benefit of being easily moved and stored. We are still in the process of building our bridge, but have almost finished our frame, with only the deck left to complete. A team effort to get the angles in Our wonderful construction diagrams, courtesty of Megan O. 12 Building space? The porch off Lobby 10.   Well-ventilated area? Check. Some teams went a different direction If you are in the Cambridge/MIT area next Wednesday, May 9th, come out in front of the Student Center between about 12:30pm and 4pm to watch us test our bridges. This basically involves loading them with 2000 lbs of concrete blocks and hoping that our calculations were correct. So come watch!

Racism, Prejudice and Discrimination - 617 Words

The definition of antisemitism means prejudice against or hatred of Jews. In 1933 the Nazis rose to power and the party ordered anti-Jewish boycotts, destruction of Jewish property, and created many laws to prevent Jewish German citizens from doing certain things. In 1935, the Nuremberg Laws were created and they decided to separate the Aryans and the â€Å"non-Aryans,† which led to a â€Å"racist hierarchy† in Germany. While this was happening, many Germans tolerated the hate crimes and did nothing to stop the discrimination. People tolerate the acts of prejudice and discrimination they see happening around them because they do not want to get involved or cause and problems. Prejudice refers to beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes that a person has towards a certain group. Prejudice is not always based on previous relations, it is usually based on prejudgment. Usually people think of prejudice in terms of race, culture, or religion. However, prejudice has a diffe rent meaning than the dislike of people with different races or a religion. Prejudice describes a pre-judgment, which can also be explained as judging a person or culture before knowing anything about them or their culture. Usually it is a judgment made with very little knowledge about the person or religion and many people make this judgment in ignorance. People will tolerate acts of produce because they do not understand the other individual(s) on a personal level and they jump to conclusions. People do not wantShow MoreRelatedRacism, Discrimination, And Prejudice1458 Words   |  6 PagesRacism, discrimination, and prejudice. When most people in America see those words, their first thought is our country’s past relationship with slavery. According to Cunion, slavery is â€Å"the institution of human bondage, in which individuals are held against their will in the service of another.† In the movie 12 Years a Slave, we see the unforgiving truths about everything that came along with slavery. Living in Saratoga, New York, 1841, along with his wife and two kids, Solomon Northup is a freeRead MoreDiscrimination, Prejudice And Racism2161 Words   |  9 Pages Diversity is a very valuable component within establishments like corporations and academic institutions such as colleges, universities, or graduate schools. This diversity aspect within our society has been over shadowed by discrimination, prejudice and racism. Centuries ago the world knew the idea of elitism. We as a human race had divided ourselves into groups for what was believed to be the greater purpose of the divine resolve or even that of a social Darwinism like policy that madeRead MoreRacism, Prejudice, And Discrimination1031 Words   |  5 Pages The movie we watched to see ageism was Up. The definition of ageism, from Meriam Webster, is prejudice or discrimination against a particular age-group, especially the elderly. In my opinion, we can also see it against young people. We can see when a job is hiring, they might not hire someone because they are too young, and they might think they are unprofessional. We can also see ageism in the Bible. Proverbs 23:22 says, â€Å"Listen to your father who begot you, and do not despise your mother whenRead MoreRacism : Racial Discrimination And Prejudice1556 Words   |  7 Pages Racism has become about only blacks and whites like those are the only races. I am also a Hispanic female, and I disagree that African-Americans and Americans should be the only ones in the media every time something happens. The quotes from the film were blasted all over the Internet. What about things happening with other races? We never think about major things like this. People act like racism only happens within these two races. We have other minorities and races, so should it be okay for everyoneRead More Racism, Prejudice, and Discrimination in the Workplace Essay483 Words   |  2 PagesRacism, Prejudice, and Discrimination in the Workplace The workplace, including its composition and internal organization, is subjected to extensive regulation by the state. The civil society and its voluntary associations, have in fact, an important function with regards to workplace matters. In particular, they serve as a buffer against the state and an autonomous domain. Without them, differences and individual voices can eventually challenge the prevailing political order. ButRead MoreThe Oxford Dictionary Defines Racism As â€Å"Prejudice, Discrimination,1133 Words   |  5 PagesOxford Dictionary defines racism as â€Å"Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one s own race is superior.† If further defines the same as â€Å"The belief that all members of each race possess characteristics, abilities, or qualities specific to that race, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race or races.† (Oxford Diction aries | English, 2017).There are different types of racism based on religion, nationalityRead MoreRacism, Prejudice, Or Discrimination Against Someone Else Of A Different Race Or Religion?1226 Words   |  5 PagesRacism is defined as â€Å"Prejudice, or discrimination against someone else of a different race or religion.†(Dictionary.com) The way literature approaches racism is by the way they display the characters within the story. Since the author won’t get through to people if they just simply say that a person was racist, they use characters such as Tom Robinson from To Kill a Mocking Bird. Or from a modern point of view, racism isn’t always up front to someone’s face it can also be from social media, becauseRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird vs a Raisin in the Sun1396 Words   |  6 Pagesis a novel about how prejudice and discrimination can lead to an innocent man being convicted of a crime he didn’t commit just because of his skin color. A Ra isin in the Sun is a play about how the value of a family can overcome racism in a new town and allow a family to prosper, even in the worst conditions. However, both of these works deal with racism and discrimination in similar ways. Conversely, Harper Lee, being a white author, cannot portray believable accounts of racism and black oppressionRead MoreThe American Dream : An Unfortunate Nightmare1235 Words   |  5 PagesNightmare Institutionalized racism: the big elephant in the room. By definition, institutionalized racism is â€Å"Any action, intentional or unintentional, that is based on race or skin color and that subordinates an individual or group based on skin color or race is racism† says professor Vernellia R. Randall( cite). Institutionalized racism exist in ever facet of our society. They’re many cases where a decision was made based on someones race. For example: discrimination in the housing market. EspeciallyRead MoreThe Psychology Behind Prejudice : Humans Attitude1089 Words   |  5 Pages The Psychology behind Prejudice: Humans’ Attitude Jacinda Knudtson Antelope Valley College Abstract Prejudice is an opinion in which is not based on any reasoning, and may cause harm. Prejudice can be seen just about anywhere, and it affects our daily lives. There are many different ways a person can show prejudice beliefs, but why do they believe things they have never experience? Some may say it’s something personal with one’s self that causes prejudice thoughts, or some may think

Television Censorship Essay - 522 Words

Television Censorship Censorship in television is a very debatable topic in today’s media and social realms. Nowadays what is considered appropriate by many may actually be considered explicit or unsuitable by the people in charge. Some may wonder ‘who is deemed so highly that they can decide what is and is not appropriate to watch. The FCC (Federal Communications Commission) is ‘responsible for administratively enforcing the law that governs what is and is not appropriate. Within this article I will discuss how the FCC decides what the American viewers are allowed to see. The first example the FCC regulates on television is called ‘obscene broadcasts’. According to the FCC obscene speech in not protected by the First Amendment†¦show more content†¦(Federal Communications Commission) With the FCC trying to regulate what is considered obscene, they have also embedded within each show a mandatory rating system. A rating of TVY or TVG, considers the program to be designed to be appropriate for all children. Whether animated or live-action, the themes and elements in this program are specifically designed for a very young audience. A rating of TVPG means program contains material that parents may find unsuitable for younger children. Many parents may want to watch it with their younger children. TV14 means the program contains one or more of the following: intense violence (V), intense sexual situations (S), strong coarse language (L), or intensely suggestive dialogue (D). A rating of TVMA however, means that it may be unsuitable for children under 17. This program contains one or more of the following: graphic violence (V), explicit sexual activity (S), or crude indecent language (L). (TV Parental Guidelines) How can someone decide what is ‘explicit’ and what is ‘intense’? By giving the rating system such vague descriptions someone might become very confused. Another aspect that people generally tend to overlook is that of the parents. If the parents are not taking the time to oversee what their children are watching, how is the rating system fair? I asked ten year old Michael O’Donnell from Buffalo, NY if the rating system meant anything to him. He repliedShow MoreRelatedEssay about Television Censorship1601 Words   |  7 Pages Television Censorship WHAT IS CENSORSHIP? quot;Censorship is the supervision and control of the information and ideas that are circulated among the people within a society. In modern times, censorship refers to the examination of books, periodicals, plays, films, television and radio programs, news reports, and other communication media for the purpose of altering or suppressing parts thought to be objectionable or offensive. The objectionable material may be considered immoral or obscene, hereticalRead MoreEssay on Censorship of Film and Television646 Words   |  3 PagesCensorship of Film and Television What is Censorship? It is the practice of officially examining books, movies, film, etc., and suppressing unacceptable parts. Censorship usually takes place based on religious, moral, or personal reasons. In Film, censorship has taken many turns and it is continuing to encounter many conflicts. Broadcasting organizations along with the FCC (Federal Communications Center) and the AFA (American Family Association) are supposedly doing everything in their power toRead MoreTelevision and Modern Technology Censorship2008 Words   |  9 PagesFCC has always been televisions number one source for protection when in regards to filtering which content gets to the viewer. Television will always change, but for the better I think not. Through the years, the FCC with censorship has been on an epic downfall that even dates back to how women were portrayed and even to the images that aired on national public television. Censorship covers a wide range of outlets whether it is music, television, o r the internet. Television worldwide may be oneRead MoreCensorship Is Not Limited Repressive Regimes Or Network Television?1522 Words   |  7 PagesCensorship is not limited to repressive regimes or network television. Weather we know it or not censorship is happening all the time throughout the day. We censor ourselves, we listen to censored music and as students we see the internet being heavily censored in school. The Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA) was signed into law in 2000; the law requires any public schools or library to filter any inappropriate content from the computers being used by minors. Since the law has been put inRead MoreTelevision Censorship Should not be Implied Essay536 Words   |  3 PagesTelevision Censorship Should not be Implied Television censorship should not be implied. In the Bill of Rights the first amendment states that we have the â€Å"Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Bill of Rights, 1971). If this country worked so hard in order to gain these rights and preserve them, why would it want to abolish them? The constitution and the United States of America gave people these rights and freedoms so a person should be able to use them as they pleaseRead More Television Censorship in the Past and Present Essay example2001 Words   |  9 PagesTelevision Censorship in the Past and Present Typing in the web address http://www.censorship.com, I begin my search for information regarding the controversial subject. After a few seconds of waiting for the site to load, a black background comes up, with black font displaying the message: This site is not accessible because it is categorized as: Sex, Violence, Language. I immediately highlight the web address and annoyingly thrash at the delete button on my keyboard and watch it disappearRead More Television and Media - Censorship of TV Violence Not Necessary877 Words   |  4 PagesCensorship of TV Violence Not Necessary    Censorship of televised media often begins as a result of the concern many adults show over what their children watch. Children begin watching television at an early age, and they are usually lifetime viewers by the time they are two to three years old. There is usually a steady increase in the amount of television watched during a persons childhood. This is followed by a decline during adolescence. What is more of a concern to the American peopleRead More Television and Censorship - Violence Rating System Needed for TV1130 Words   |  5 PagesViolence Rating System Needed for TV Programs While society recognizes the detrimental effects of general television on children, parents and other child advocacy groups dont feel as though there is an adequate rating system. Consequences of ineffective rating systems are that childrens personalities are being negatively affected. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has made legislation to address this issue, but the childrens advocacy community is still dissatisfied. This communityRead MoreCensorship Of Television And Television1288 Words   |  6 PagesRestrictions were also placed against foreign news outlets following the election. Reporters from the Italian public television broadcaster Radiotelevisione Italiana claimed that one of its interpreters was beaten with clubs by riot police and the officers confiscated the cameraman’s tapes. The Al Arabiya’s offices in Tehran were closed for a week by Iranian authorities on June 14 and no explanation was given for the decision. Additionally, the director of British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) WorldRead More Censorship on Television Essay1204 Words   |  5 PagesThe government is correct in trying to censor what is seen on television. Censorship does not violate the first amendment and it prevents the harmful effects of graphic television. Many people are in favor of censorship and it may be accomplished without violating the rights of broadcasters or any other individuals. Censorship refers to suppression of information, ideas, or artistic expression by anyone, whether government officials, church authorities, private pressure groups, or speakers, writers

Essay on Market Conditions Competitive Analysis - 1824 Words

Nike Shoe Company ECO 365 July 21, 2014 Alan Beideck Nike Shoe Company Introduction The current assembling practices of the shoe business, specifically organizations, for example, Nike, Reebok, Adidas, Converse, and New Balance, happens all through the world. With the business encountering extreme rivalry, and the item obliging concentrated work, firms are confronting amazing weight to build their overall revenues through their sourcing practices. The accompanying paper will dissect the tennis shoe industry, while inspecting the huge number of reasonable assembling alternatives, and scrutinizing their current assembling structure. Nike presently delights in a 47% piece of the overall industry of the local footwear industry, with†¦show more content†¦They have reacted to these issues through the Andrew Young report, the Dartmouth Study, and Ernst amp; Youngs nonstop checking, yet are still give or take two years away from totally tending to these issues all throughout the globe. History of Firm and Industry Two gentlemen, Phil Bowerman and Phil Knight formed an organization called Blue Ribbon Sports in 1964. Bill Bowerman was a nationally respected track and field coach at the University of Oregon. Phil Knight was a middle distance runner from Portland, Oregon who attended the University of Oregon in 1955 and competed on Bowermans track team. In May of 1971 Blue Ribbon Sports officially became Nike. The company name comes from the Greek goddess of victory. The Swoosh mark is put on everything that is made by Nike. By 2012 Nike had a revenue in excess of $24.1 billion and employed over 44,00 people worldwide. In 2010 the brand alone was valued at $10.7 billion, which made it the most valuable brand among sports businesses. The global retail sports apparel industry has been growing rapidly and is expected to continue that growth trend as it reaches approximately $125 billion in 2017. The increase in demand for sports apparel and promising demographic conditions throughout Asia are expected to boost the market over the forecast period. Some of the factors that drive the growth in the industry are increasing individual sport and athletic participation,Show MoreRelatedCurrent Market Conditions: A Competitive Analysis1615 Words   |  6 PagesCurrent Market Conditions Competitive Analysis Competitor analysis is a tool used in marketing as well as strategic management whereby an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of an organizations both current and potential competitors is done. A useful technique in carrying out a competitor analysis is the construction of a competitor array. This is done through various steps first identification of the industry that the organization wants to venture into. This encompasses the scope and natureRead MoreCurrent Market Conditions Competitive Analysis1592 Words   |  7 PagesCurrent Market Conditions Competitive Analysis ECO/365 March 4th, 2013 Week 3 team assignment Current Market Conditions Competitive Analysis Introduction In a society that has seen historical economic fluctuations and shifts in one’s long-term employment, consumers are searching for the best bargains they can find. Consumers across the United States are looking for ways to save money; thus, searching for stores that will provide them with everything they need at a lower cost. CompaniesRead MoreCurrent Market Conditions Competitive Analysis1506 Words   |  7 PagesCurrent Market Conditions Competitive Analysis As a strategic planning group at Target, the group decided to develop a new product; a device similar to the MP3 player. This paper will discuss the results of the competitive market analysis and the products potential success after comparison to the primary competitors in the products market; Apple, Inc. It will also discuss a short history on Apple’s MP3 player, the factors that affect demand, supply, equilibrium prices in the market, and any issuesRead MoreCurrent Market Condition Competitive Analysis1646 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Current Market Conditions Competitive Analysis John Smith ECO/365 January 1, 2020 University of Phoenix Jane Doe Current Market Conditions Competitive Analysis Internet streaming alternatives for traditional television and radio are becoming increasingly popular. Companies such as Netflix, Hulu Plus, Pandora, Spotify, and the like are used in the everyday lives of a large percentage of Americans. Here at Team A Corp. we want to develop a device to bring all of these Internet alternativesRead MoreCurrent Market Conditions Competitive Analysis1606 Words   |  7 PagesCurrent Market Conditions Competitive Analysis They say life is short, eat dessert first. Now thanks to the innovative people at Maine Root Handcrafted Beverages, you can. At the request of the Marketing Director for Maine Root Handcrafted Beverages, the following is a competitive marketing analysis to determine a new flavored soda’s potential success. 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Within almost 100 years of experienceRead MoreCurrent Market Conditions Competitive Analysis1818 Words   |  8 PagesCurrent Market Conditions Competitive Analysis Nicole Williams, Miquail Broadous, Miguel Flores, James Johnson ECO/365 April 18, 2013 Chris Foster Current Market Conditions Competitive Analysis Baby Tech is a new company who specializes in making car seats for infant children (0 to 11 months). Our first product will be an electric car seat that comes with a remote control. Baby Techs Baby Soother electric car seat features the new technology with safety and comfort. This car seatRead MoreCurrent Market Conditions Competitive Analysis1606 Words   |  7 PagesCurrent Market Conditions Competitive Analysis The product that I have selected will be in the telecommunication arena. There are four major companies that compete for exclusivity for marketing purposes over my elected product of Apple product/s. 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Pricing of Covered Warrants in Equity Markets Empirical Evidence

Question: Discuss about the Pricing of Covered Warrants in a Thin and Developed Equity Markets Empirical Evidence. Answer: Introduction A new type of financial instrument in the year 1998, was introduced to the market of Italy known as covered warrants. Approximately 3500 issues at the end of 2002 were listed covered warrant market. The covered warrant allows the holders to sell or purchases of currency and equities from the issuer at a specific time and price. The diffusion of the covered warrants is due to its simplicity of use and its use as the substitutes of the derivatives (Besley, 2016). The investors have joined the world of derivatives and purchasing the covered warrants which are the financial instruments that derives their values from the performances of other assets such as stock exchanges indices, shares, interest rates, currencies, and commodities. Distinctions between covered warrants, equity warrant, equity option The covered warrant is referred to a type of warrant that allows the holders to sell or purchase a specific amount of currency and equities from the issuer. The equity warrant is the instruments that give the right to the holder to purchase the stocks at a predetermined price. The buyer of the warrants needs to make the upfront payment to gain the right to the warrants issuer. The equity options have the powers to protect, diversify or develop the share portfolio because it can be used regardless of conditions of the share market (Britton and Waterston, 2013). Covered warrants Equity warrant Equity option Covered warrants are the security options that are issued by the third party. Covered warrants work in a similar way to the options contracts that allows the private investors to carry out trade in the prices of assets such as currencies, global indices, equities, and commodities. The covered warrants generate a return if the prices of the underlying assets have increased above the strike price before the maturity date. The warrants are issued by the way of the preferential allotment to institutional investors, promoters and other investors. Equity warrants protect the participants of the market from the defaulting counterparties and provide the hedging opportunities. The equity warrants are not the equity shares because they do not carry any voting or dividend rights. It is issued by the organization during the period of financing in order to purchase the security. The equity options are commonly used by the market participants which includes investors seeking exposure to movements of the shares for a fraction of the cost of an actual share. Traders and brokers can access the options listed on the stock exchange through a technology platform that offers dual options structure of the market. The equity option allows the regulators to gain the exposure to the share price movements for less than the actual share cost. Issuing warrants The organizations issue warrants in order to raise funds to meet the needs of the business operations and expanding its operations. The companies can also sell the stocks and regulated by the securities and exchange commission. Some organizations issue the warrants to crystalize the deal during a restructuring or takeover. Warrants are considered as an investment for an organization to offer (Duguid, 2017). The warrants provide the investors a wide opportunity for high returns and also has a higher risk. Thus, the company issues warrant to increase their funds and expand their business operations. Warrants, like the options, provides the buyer the right to purchase the stocks. Types of investment warrant Warrants are of different types, and the stock warrants can be put and call warrants. Call warrants: The call warrants give the right to the investors to purchase the underlying stocks. The put warrants give the right to the investors to sell their underlying stock. The former presents specific numbers of shares that can be purchased at a specific price from the issuer (Helbk, Lindset and McLellan, 2010). The latter present certain amount of equities that can be sold back at a specific price to the issuer. Covered warrants: The covered warrant has the underlying backings. Beforehand, the issuer can purchase the stocks. The index warrants us used as an underlying asset as the index warrant. Traditional warrants: The traditional warrants are being issued in conjunction with the bond. The buyer is given the right to purchase the stock of the organization (Welch, 2014). Naked warrants: The naked warrant is issued without the bond and a traditional warrant is traded on the stock exchange (Powers and Needles, 2012). The naked warrant is also known as the covered warrants. Benefits, and disadvantages of issuing warrants The issuing of warrants provides a wide opportunity to the companies to raise their funds and expand their business operations. The advantages and disadvantages of issuing warrants are as follows: Benefits of issuing warrants The warrants can be transferrable and it tends to be more attractive for long term and short term investment plans. Warrants are considered as a high return investment technique. They are an attractive option for hedgers and speculators (Rahman, 2015). The company uses the warrants to increase the funds and invest into core activities. It allows balanced financing between equity and debt. Disadvantages Because of the leverage, gearing and lower price, it offers high risk. They can be exercised when the company has to need for increasing more capital (Steele, 2009). When the warrants are exercised, then it will result in the dilution of the common stock that in turns lower the price of the stock in the market. Conclusion The warrants are issued by the companies in order to expand the business operations. The investors purchase the warrants and high risk associated with it. The stock warrants give the holders the rights but not the obligations to purchase the underlying the security at a certain price. The companies issue the share, and it is purchased by the investors. References Besley, S. (2016).Corporate finance. [Place of publication not identified]: Cengage Learning. Britton, A. and Waterston, C. (2013).Financial accounting. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. DUGUID, C. (2017).STOCK EXCHANGE. [S.l.]: ROUTLEDGE. Helbk, M., Lindset, S. and McLellan, B. (2010).Corporate finance. Maidenhead, Berkshire: Open University Press/McGraw-Hill Education. Powers, M. and Needles, B. (2012).Financial accounting. [Mason]: South-Western, Cengage Learning. Rahman, N. (2015).Corporate Finance. North Ryde: McGraw-Hill Australia. Steele, J. (2009).The Market. New York: Disney/Hyperion Books. Welch, I. (2014).Corporate finance. Los Angeles: Ivo Welch.

Violence In Sports Essay Summary Example For Students

Violence In Sports Essay Summary Research ProjectOur group has collectively decided to discuss the topic of violence in sports, especially riots in relation to sports. Riots occur for many reasons, but for our topic we will focus on riots that are caused by or occur at sporting events. We hope to explain why many violent acts happen at sporting events in stands, outside arena’s, and after games. In order to look into this matter, we must first understand what violence in sports is and how it may affect young children’s mindsets. In order to full understand the subject of sports violence we need to know the full definition of it. Violence in sports is defined by M.D.Smith as, â€Å"a physical assault or other physically harmful actions by a player that takes place in a sports context and that is intended to cause physical pain or injury to another player (or fan, coach, game official, etc.), where such harmful actions bear no direct relationship to the rules and associated competitive goals of the spor t.† This definition suggests Lekkerkerker 2that violence within the rules is accepted and may not be considered as violence in sports. Many sports such as hockey allow players physically fight until one falls and then issued penalties, which are insufficient to deter the player or harm the team; this action is outside of the rules but accepted widely throughout the game. These types of actions are violent, but are part of the game, can and should we put an end to this type of activity? Many may say yes, but it is inevitable that this will change the game. We will write a custom essay on Violence In Sports Summary specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Smith then explains in his article, â€Å"Building a New Brand of Sport,† how much of this need for violence is natural and how violence is praised in our society. The first theory suggests that humans are â€Å"inherently violent and sport is a relatively safe and controlled way to discharge aggression.† The psychological theory says that violence is caused by frustration as one’s efforts to reach a goal are blocked. The social learning theory explains that violence might be officially condemned and penalized but unofficially coaches, teammates, fans, and the media praise it. All three of these theories are accurate and can be used to explain the need for violent sports in our society. Smith feels that violence in sports can be either reduced or eliminated by doing a few simple things. First, we must penalize harshly so that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages. Then, coaches must emphasize fair play by teaching players to look at opponents as collaborators in the pursuit of a well-played game, not as enemies. He than says to organize meetings with coaches and parents, to discuss fair play. Smith discusses how very important parents are in a child’s outlook on sports, the child learns much about sports just by watching his father view an event. Smith feels that these steps may help in the fight against violence in sports and will help â€Å"build a new brand of sport.†Through my research of M.D. Smith, I have realized that violence in sports has many different aspects and many different solutions. Smith explains what a true definition of violence in sports is and questions if society wants to end it. It seems that society needs violence to take o ut built up aggression, fights seem to happen due to frustration, and coaches and teammates encourage violence. Smith then discussed his ideas on how to put an end to violence, which are logical and realistic. The article, â€Å"Building a New Brand of Sport,† questions society, explains why violence occurs, and suggests ways to help change the way sports are played. Sports and Games

Impact of Cultural Differences on Healthcare Essays

Impact of Cultural Differences on Healthcare Essays Impact of Cultural Differences on Healthcare Paper Impact of Cultural Differences on Healthcare Paper Culture is defined as a particular way of living which incorporates beliefs, standards, values, language, behavioral norms, styles of communication and thinking patterns. Cultural diversity is evident in various manifestations such as language, ethnicity, religion and gender. Sometimes it is also evident by an individual’s level of education and even age. Consideration to differences in culture is important in the delivery of healthcare. This is because culture often determines an individual will respond to communication by a health professional which in turn has a bearing on the outcome of the patient’s condition. Sensitivity to cultural differences is necessary to ensure accurate and effective communication on the client’s health. Treating the patients with respect is not sufficient to avoid cultural problems.   It is necessary to also be familiar with various cultural customs so that misunderstandings can be avoided and health practitioners can provide their clients with better care. Galanti (2009) described a case where cultural issues were not considered resulting in a misunderstanding between the client and health care professionals. A Hispanic lady, had to give confirmed consent so that she could go a hysterectomy. The lady, Maria Ramirez,   being able to communicate in Hispanic only had her son serve as her interpreter as he was bilingual. The young man when describing the procedure seemed to be accurately translating as he indicated the correct body parts. The mother agreed to sign the consent form.   The next day, she learnt that she could not have children anymore because her uterus had been removed. She was very angry and even made threats to sue the hospital. In Hispanic culture it is not appropriate for a man and his mother to talk about private parts. The son, being in an awkward position told his mother that the surgery would involve removal of a tumor from her abdomen. He pointed in this general area. The Hispanic woman was upset because in Hispanic culture the status of a woman is derived largely from the children she can produce. The health care provider and management managed the situation by offering apologies, but the damage miscommunication had already occurred. Fortunately, the lady did not pursue the issue further, though for her it was a painful loss as she was not aware of what surgery she had agreed to.   In this case the appropriate thing to do would have been to not involve members of the family when discussing anything sexual with a client. If family members must be present, then the family members should be of the same gender to avoid embarrassment and miscommunication. In another incident, a woman called Susi in her thirties had a horse riding accident where the horse threw her off its back upon being startled by a snake. The woman fell on a stump and sustained massive injuries with internal bleeding. Upon being rushed to hospital, the surgical team found that she had bled into her abdomen severely and her kidney would have to be removed. The woman had a medical card which identified her as Jehovah’s Witness. It stated that she was not to be transfused, no matter what the circumstances. Despite knowing this, the physician, Dr Andrews, felt compelled by the Hippocratic Oath to transfuse her. Her husband could not be reached so the doctor proceeded with the transfusion, and in so doing saved the woman’s life. The woman however was not grateful; she instead sued the doctor for battery and assault. She won a $20,000 settlement (Galanti, 2009). A study conducted in the 1980s amongst Jehovah Witnesses indicated that they would sue if they were transfused. A physician, who finds himself in a situation where he/she finds it necessary to transfuse a Jehovah Witness, ought to think of the possible consequences by going against the patient’s will, especially the legal ones. In addition, by violating the wishes of the client in order to fulfill the Hippocratic Oath (which in this case is a personal belief), is an indication of arrogance and ethnocentricity. No group has the right to impose their beliefs on another. There lies in a danger in considering cultural differences when providing healthcare. This danger is one of stereotyping people. Even though someone may belong to a particular religion or ethnicity, everyone is unique and it would be dangerous to assume that â€Å"Chinese believe this† and â€Å"African Americans do this†. It is therefore necessary for health professionals to differentiate between generalizations and stereotypes. If upon meeting a Mexican woman, a doctor assumes she has a large family, that is a stereotype, but if the doctor says to himself/herself that, â€Å"Mexicans tend to have large families, I wonder if Maria has a large family†, then the doctor has generalized (Galanti, 2000). References   Galanti G, 2009, Cultural Diversity in Healthcare, retrieved from , ggalanti.com/case_studies/cases_by_topic.htm Saturday 19th December, 2009 Galanti G, 2000, An introduction to Cultural Differences, West J Med. 2000 May; 172(5): 335–336

Frederick Douglass Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Frederick Douglass - Essay Example However, in American, slavery was introduced and influenced by the European settlers. At first, Native Americans were exploited as slaves until the settlers learned to import African slaves. The purpose was to supply the increasing demand in slave labor and trading because it proved to have several economic advantages. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the institution of slavery had affected all the Americans – whether they were white or black, Northern or Southern, slave or free. During this period, the status and treatment to the slaves were very drastic and degrading. They were considered merely as chattels or pieces of property. They had only few legal rights, but, the most tragic scenario was the situation of other slaves who had no rights at all. Most of them lives and belonged to their â€Å"Masters† wherein they can be sold or leased in the public slave markets. The owners also controlled their lives in which they were the ones who decide on how they (slaves) spent their free time and whether they get married or not. The worst, once the parents were slaves, their children were also expected to become slaves and taken by their â€Å"Master† when they big enough to be utilized in agriculture, industry, commerce, domestic service, and/or armed forces. Due to this legal, social, economic and racial discrimination and prejudices suffered by the slaves, several anti-slavery movement and revolts began to develop to end their misery and to safeguard their basic human rights. And one of the most notable and influential figures in the abolition of slavery during the nineteenth century was Frederick Douglass, who was born to a family of African-American slaves and also became as slave himself as young as seven years old. Douglass escaped from slavery and began to advocate racial equality and black freedom from being slavery doomed. Discussion Slavery both existed in the North and South America. But, since the abolition of slavery in the North during the colonial period, the South had become the haven of slave labor due to the introduction and emergence of large-scale cotton plantation farms. Cotton became the world’s largest and represented as America’s biggest and most important export. It replaced sugar as the major crop. In fact, three-fourths of the world’s cotton supply came from the southern region. It was considered by the South as their â€Å"white gold† (Foner, 2006, 378) because it significantly boosted the economic status of the entire America wherein the sales earned from the cotton industry had allowed the country to pay for imported manufactured goods (Foner, 379). Since, the economy was centered on the production of cotton, the South, which happened to have abundant fertile farms applicable for cotton farming, had become the center of New World slavery. The South was also considered as the largest and most powerful slave society (Foner, 378) which adversely affected b oth the African American slaves and the poor American whites in the region. Effects of slavery in the South to the African-American Slavery in the South had adversely affected the African-American slaves. First, the African-Americans were subjected to racial discrimination wherein the White Americans believed that they were supreme and their black counterparts were the innately inferior. Further, they declared that true equality for them (whites) was manifested by being free from â€Å"low, menial, unskilled jobs† in which they emphasized that these jobs were only fitted for the blacks. Slavery was for the blacks and means their existence was to perform all kinds of work in the plantation all throughout the day with only brief break for meals. They were only fed for the reason to become more productive rather than any reasons (Foner, 2006, 395).

Voting & Election Methods Essay Question Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Voting & Election Methods Question - Essay Example However, an alternative within the plurality procedures is called a runoff election where the top two candidates would have a separate election after the initial plurality vote. In this case, it is likely that the top two candidates would be the liberal and conservative candidates winning 41% and 39%, respectively. These candidates would face off in a runoff election. If the results are at all similar to the support numbers in the polls for the 1992 election with Clinton, Bush, and Perot, it may be likely that the 20% of the voters who chose our moderate candidate in this example would favor the conservative candidate at 39% and this candidate would become the winner. If the majority of the 20% would go in favor of the liberal at 41% then the candidate would likely win the majority vote and win in a landslide. The remaining two types of voting processes are called a preference ballot and a Borda count. These two processes require the voter to rank each candidate in the election in the order they like the candidates the best. The votes are counted and each candidate receives the number of votes they won, 3 would stand for the top choice, 2 for the middle choice, and 1 for the least choice in our three person example. The goal of the preference ballot or Borda count is to find the majority winner or the person with more than 50% of the total votes. If this does not occur, then in places such as Australia, a sequential runoff is performed where the weakest candidate’s votes are given to the #2 choice on each voter’s ballot. This process is more difficult to predict. If more people vote that our moderate candidate at 20% is their second choice, it will cause more total votes to be given to that candidate and result in he or she being the winner. This process is problematic becau se at the very end, should this example

Fashion buyer

Fashion buyer Introduction Fashion buyers role is to monitoring the development of a product range targeted at a specific market group and price range. In a small company, buyer may also be involved in the creative and technical areas of developing a product, therefore one criteria to be a buyer is to have product knowledge. The goal of buyer is to deliver consumers a garment with satisfactory in appearance, fit, comfort, quality and price. Technology is said to be the â€Å"foundation of all jobs within the fashion business†. Indeed, technology is extensively used in different processes in the textile pipeline, from fibre to clothing and to consumer. For hundred years, development of fibres and fabrics with specific functions and machineries has been heavily dependent on technology. Digital systems such as CAD are introduced to the design and product development processes. Technology is also essential for communication between retailers, manufacturers and consumers. This study is to evaluate the performance of fabrics during manufacture and use, processes involved in the creation of a garment, the impact of human measurement on the provision of adequate sizing and how CAD system is applied in the stages of product development and visualization and to analyze how technology influents fashion buyers decision on range planning. Creation of garment Before production of garment takes place, the stage of design, product development and sourcing should be completed and provided that all the materials have arrived. There are several processes encompassed in the creation of a garment; beginning with spreading and cutting fabrics, sewing, wet processing and finally applying pressing. Generally before cutting, fabrics including body and interlining, need to be spread and or pre-washed if required, can then be cut into parts and panels, which spreading and cutting can be done by computer-controlled machinery in mass-production and manually for sampling. Spreading is defined as the process of â€Å"superimposing lengths of fabrics on a cutting table† by Glock and Kunz (2005, 402), and â€Å"fabrics may be spread face up, face down or face to face† for there are directional fabrics such as velvet, corduroy and fake fur, even with one or two-way prints and stripes, depending which direction they are viewed and it is important to be distinguished as this will affect the aesthetics of the finished product. Applications of interfacing, which is defined by Frings (2008, p164) â€Å"is a layer of fabric placed directly under the garment fabric for structuring and support†, may be required in different parts such as waistband and pocket openings of a garment especially tailored, helping to maintain shapes and eliminating damages on fabric from radical stretching. Interfacing is also one example of trimmings, and â€Å"use of trimmings varies with each segment of the industry.† (Frings, 2008) Functional trimmings such as elastics and zippers are widely used in sportswear, and decorative trimmings such as embroidery and buttons may be used in childrens wear making the products look more attractive. Stitches are applied to assembling the parts and panels together into pieces. According to British Standard 3870-1:1991, stitches are divided into 6 classes. Class 100 Chain stitch: Brown and Rice (2001) indicated it is flexible but also unravels easily by pulling one end of the thread, mainly used for making button holes. Class 200 Hand stitch: mostly for decorative uses Class 300 Lock stitch: widely used in industry with no problem of seam grin, but puckering, however, more secure and good for setting zippers and pockets. Class 400 Multi-thread chain stitch: can be combined with Class 500 integrating safety stitches with stretchiness. Class 500 Overedge chain stitch: widely used in knitwear industry due to its extensibility Class 600 Covering chain stitch: very extensive and strong and used especially for knitted fabrics. There are variations of stitch types providing different level of functional performance, comfort as well as attractiveness and decision on which types to use is determined by the type of fabric used and purpose of the end product. For example, the combination safety stitch 401.503 is most commonly used for security and neatens the cut edges of both knitted and woven fabrics; hand stitching using thick, colourful threads is very decorative especially for childrens wear. However, sewing faults such as seam puckering and grin, even damages on fabrics may be caused by insufficient use of stitches, thread tensions and machine needles. Moreover, it is mentioned by Chuter (1995, p136) â€Å"a mismatch between thread and fabric causes puckers on washing†, especially for products need to undertake wet processing as a finishing, therefore choice of thread has to be careful particularly in a product designed with decorative stitches, because it cannot be mended once the damages are mad e unless taking out all the seams and start sewing again. The principle of pressing is defined by Cooklin (1997) that is to remove creases from a garment by application of heat, steam and pressure, in order to create a desired final appearance of a product. Pressing may apply during the process of assembling to open seams, or press a hem. However, condition of pressing varies from different fabrics; for example, cotton and linen fabrics requires a hot iron, and can be pressed on the right and the wrong sides, whereas fabrics made from synthetic fibres require a cool iron or they will melt under too much heat. Process of pressing should be held by experts avoiding damages on products. From fibres to fabrics Textile fibres are the basic unit of a garment, contributing to aesthetics, durability, comfort and appearance of a garment. Fibres can be divided into 2 categories, natural and man-made. Natural fibres come from plants consisting of cellulose and animals consisting of protein; cotton, flax, wool and silk are the most commonly used in knitting fabrics. All natural fibres are spun into staple, short fibre yarns (except silk, a filament, long fibre yarn) through specific spinning system accordingly (See Figure 4). Yarns can be twisted into 2 directions: Z for cotton and linen and S for woolen and worsted. It is clarified by Elsasser (2005, p113) that â€Å"twist direction does not affect quality in single yarns.† Man-made fibres, also called manufactured, mentioned by Eberle (2004) can be classified further into cellulosic and synthetics, such as viscose, polyester and nylon, are produced through technology from chemicals (petroleum) and natural sources (wood) that cannot be used in original form, and then into yarns. Elsasser (2005, p14) stated that â€Å"Science and technology have allowed people to create fibres to meet specific end-use applications. For example, the nylon used in auto mobile tired is very different from the nylon used in hosiery.† Several man-made fibres are produced to be substitute of particular natural fibres due to economical and environmental factors; for instance, viscose, a manufactured (regenerated) cellulosic fibre made from natural fibres to chemical solution then extruded through spinneret, is also called â€Å"artificial silk† (Elsasser, 2005) for its fineness and luster and it is very much less expensive than silk; acrylic, a synthetic fibre, ha s properties closely resemble those of wool. Subsequently man-made fibres are spun and twisted into filament yarns by different spinning systems according to fibre type, such as melt spinning, dry spinning, wet spinning (see Figure 5) and many others, which can then be constructed into fabrics and used in wide range of apparels. The most common methods of forming a fabric are weaving and knitting, however non-woven fabrics are also widely used in textile industry. Woven fabrics are constructed in an interlacing structure with 2 sets of threads, which is firm and strong with the least stretch; three basic weaves are plain (e.g. chiffon), twill (e.g. herringbone and denim) and satin. Whereas knitted fabrics can be made by machine and hand, are formed with an interlocking structure in weftwise or warpwise direction by loops of threads, allowing significant stretch and drape but can easily lose shape; three basic knits are single jersey, rib and purl. â€Å"The structure of a fabric, or how it is fabricated, affects its aesthetic and functional performance.† (Brown and Rice, 2001) As well as the structure, fibres carrying different properties determine the performance of a fabric, and thereby different end uses. Elsasser (2005) suggested properties of a fibre maybe classified as physical, mechanical, chemical and environmental. â€Å"Physical properties are properties that can be evaluated with the naked eye or with a microscope† (Elsasser, 2005, p14) including cross section (see Figure 7), covering power, hand, luster and pilling propensity. Abrasion resistance, dimensional stability and resiliency are examples of mechanical properties of that can be determined under textile testing procedures. For example, cotton is soft and comfortable, which can be knitted into a lightweight single jersey fabric making into underwear or a heavyweight denim fabric making into jeans; polyester has a high level of resistance to crea ses and water, it can be knitted to make sportswear, outerwear. â€Å"Chemical properties of a fibre determine how it will react when it is exposed to the many substances used in production and in cleaning (Elsasser, 2005, p22) including absorbency and flammability. Environmental properties are the sensitivity of a fibre to climate and insects. â€Å"Most authorities agree that the colour or printed design of a fabric is the most important factor in the customers decision to purchase apparel of furnishings,† expressed by Elsasser (2005, p172). Brown and Rice (2001, p183) mentioned that â€Å"fabrics can be dyed in the fibre, yarn, fabrics, of garment stage† by dyeing and printing. Dyeing is to be processed by soluble colourants penetrating colours to the core of fibres, and printing is adding colours onto fabrics by pigment, insoluble colourants. There are always some instinctive disadvantages of fibres such as cotton wrinkles very easily; combination of fibres knitted into fabrics is one way of offsetting, at the same time enhancing the fabric with better function and performance. For example, polyester is blended with cotton to provide a certain level of crease resistance to a fabric and improve durability; viscose blending with cotton providing a silky appearance. â€Å"Finishes give textile products properties they do not possess naturally† said Elsasser (2005, p189). Besides blending, weaknesses of fibres maybe overcome by mechanical and chemical finishing processes modifying surface, wearing properties and aftercare. Mechanical finishing includes calendering, raising, cropping and compressive shrinkage, which require machinery to achieve. Chemical finishing includes mothproofing, crease recovery, anti static, flame retardant. Calendering is often applied for a smooth surface if the fabric needs to be printed; moth proofing is most likely to apply on woollen products as a finish. Consumers become more concerned about the quality of textile products nowadays, quality of a garment can be controlled by inspecting raw materials and finished products; a set of lab tests and inspections are carried out to assure the quality â€Å"indicating factors such as fabric and seam strength, colourfastness, shrinkage, and other properties† suggested by Kothari (1999, p7) and there are authorities such as British Standards Institute and International Standards Organization to standardize the levels on test methods, performance and the specification. Sizing â€Å"Body type is the fundamental basis of sizing systems. For apparel sizing, body types are classified by body proportions as related to age and gender† indicated by Glock and Kunz (2005, p139), for example toddlers, juniors and women, there are also additional body types classified as petite, tall or plus sizes. It is suggested by Brown and Rice (2001) that age, sex and body types group together into classification generating the sizing system including a size range and there are sizing methods for the majority mass-produced clothing, e.g. size code. Size code can be expressed in letter (S, M, L) or number forms (10, 12, 14), which represents general body size, however, different numbers or letters are used in a particular garment, for example, in mens dress shirts, sizes are indicated according to the collar and the sleeve length measurements such as 16-34. According to the British Standard of body measurement, size code of the garment should be indicated clearly on a label and securely attached to where it is easily readable on the garment. Brown and Rice soon argued it is lack of standardization on apparel sizing and the numerical codes do not necessarily indicate adequate sizes for many female consumers. Glock and Kunz (2005; p141) enlightened that â€Å"size alone does not determine garment fit. Fit is how a garment conforms to or differs from the body. Fit is sometimes described as garment ‘cut. A well-cut garment conforms to the body in a comfortable and flattering manner.† Silhouette of a garment is often determined by anthropometrics, which is a set of measurement of human body establishing the size, shape and proportion of the body in order to provide and improve for better fit, physical comfort and performance of a garment. Fit is evaluated by Brown and Rice (2005) that can be controlled by five elements: grain, set, line, balance and ease. In order to establishing a good fit, the grain line of fabric needs to be parallel to the length of body; bias may be cut to achieve special effects. A garment with poor set will have wrinkles and folds pinpointing the locations of the fit problem, which the wrinkles caused cannot be eliminated by ironing. Twisted side seams is one example of distortion of the structural lines of the garment where side seams are meant to be hanging down and perpendicular to the floor and this may be caused by poor design or construction. Garments should balance from the front, back or sides and follow the silhouette of the body. Garment containing adequate ease should allow room for ordinary movements such as walking and breathing, and yet it is sometimes a style for a garment to be designed and made with extra fullness. In addition, stretch fabrics are particularly selected for conforming the exact body silhouette than rigid fabrics and manipulation of body scanning technology is introduced in recent years, obtaining more than a hundred measurements of a body in only few seconds and provided with this data, an absolute fit garment can be produced. CAD CAD (Computer Aided Design), an interactive computer design system extensively used in the clothing and textiles industry, is often used together with CAM (Computer Aided Manufacture). They can be distinguished by â€Å"CAD is generally used to support the creative processes in the design studio and CAM is used in the manufacturing process to control machinery or system (such as grading, lay planning or pattern cutting).† (Gray, 1998, p2) and it is suggested by Aldrich (1992, p84) that it has â€Å"an ability to simulate visual impressions†. CAD technology was originally developed for textile industry, and soon introduced into all processes in clothing industry â€Å"from apparel and textile design, pattern making, grading, garment production through to merchandising and data management.†(Burke, 2006, p157) The first stage in the process is often apparel and textile design. Designers uses CAD system in creating fashion illustration by simulating and designing textiles (wovens, knits, prints) and sketching silhouette of garments, presenting visual images of moodboards, colour palettes, fabric swatches, fabric draping, trims, embroidery motifs, stitch structures, scanning and editing images as well as producing higher quality of printouts. Pattern creation is the next stage in the clothing process. As CAD is a computerized system, it enables technicians â€Å"to scan, digitize in or create pattern blocks on screen and redesign pattern pieces where necessary† (Aldrich, 1992, p95), which makes pattern making very much convenience than it was before. Once the basic pattern is digitized into the computer and by inputting a size chart, â€Å"grading, or how each pattern shape changes to allow for different sizes, is automatically achieved.† (Aldrich, 1992, p83) With the digitalized system of pattern developing and grading, a lay plan (also called a marker), which is a cutting template, can then easily be generated of how the patterns should be laid out together â€Å"as closely and efficiently as possible† (Eberle, 2004, p145) to maximized usage of the fabric during the manufacturing process. Depending on the width of the fabric and pattern sizes, the lay can be planned into single size or multi-size. In addition, CAD is also used throughout the supply chain for communication between retailers, suppliers and customers. CAD can be integrated with other information technology systems, generating 2D designs to 3D, carrying out processes excluded in design and manufacturing stage, such as collecting sales orders and controlling stock as well as planning and visualizing shop floor layouts. Discussion Being a fashion buyer, there are some crucial factors of technology which have to be taken into consideration when a new range of products is under development. In term of range, every season retailers have various product categories as ‘fashion, ‘seasonal and ‘staple styles, different terminology maybe used in different retailers, such as ‘classic or ‘key items. Seasonal items are designed in specific themes for weather changes and traditional events including Halloween, Christmas and Easter, usually individual collection is designed for each category. Staple items are usually the basic styles selling in the previous season with more or less the same fitting however minor changes, such as style (from crew neck to V-neck) and colour combos. Fashion items are the unique and trendy items in the collection which only sell for a particular season and buyers are responsible for the selection of the collection including the outlook of items, fabrics used, colo urways by forcasting future trends. Goworek (2001, p20) defined range planning is that â€Å"the stage where buyers define the detail of the range that is to be offered to the customer in terms of styling, fabric, design details, suppliers and prices.† In the stage of planning, buyer needs to make decisions on the followings: Theme, fabrics, trims, patterns and colours to be used in each style; depending on what season and style the garment is in, different types of fabrics and colours may apply accordingly achieving specific outlooks. Size range for individual styles; most of the retailers usually have specific target market groups which the size range is based. However measurements sometimes vary slightly for fashion items. Range selection; the styles to be manufactured, the amount and ratio of styles such as tops and bottoms to be included in each category collection; there are usually hundreds of styles designed every season and only 60-70 styles are in final production list. Origin of the products; buyer considers the techniques to be used in the garments and decides where to place the bulk orders according to the manufacturers capabilities. Selling price; price to be sold in the stores â€Å"A product at any level must achieve the correct balance between price, quality, creativity and wearability†, said by Tungate (2004, p226). â€Å"Quality of textile and apparel products can prove decisive in the success or failure of companies in the fiercely competitive global market† stated by Kothari (1999, p1). Quality to the consumers means fitness for purpose such as comfort, warmth. Comfort can be performed by different sectors of a garment: fabrics, and design fitting. Fabric is the main component for comfort, which influences the presentation of a garment at the same time. Inadequately used fabric may result in not selling, for example an evening gown designed to be shiny and drapes well should use satin or silk not twill fabric, as the garment is worn next to skin, twill fabric is not appropriate for its surface is rough and uncomfortable to wear. Being attractively dressed is not the only reason for people to wear clothes; functional properties such as protection and keeping body warm is also a crucial factor and fabric should be appropriately used in apparel, additional finishing can be applied depending on purpose of garment, may be for different events and weathers, for example, a rain coat should have a waxed finish on the fabric surface protecting body from wet. Therefore, fabric sourcing is an essential process for new development; buyers should have background and update knowledge on fibres and fabrics as there is â€Å"continuous development of specialized fibers or fabrics for specific functions† (Kim and Johnson, 2009), as well as the technology in manufacturing. Since buyers may not be an expert on textiles, designer and the fabric technologists usually participate in the stage of fabric sourcing, it is important to distinguish the fibre contents and the constructions of a fabric as it is under British Standard that the fibre content must be clearly and accurately shown on a label stating what the garment was made of as well as the care instructions. Quality of the fabrics is tested by the authorized laboratory such as SGS, ITS ensuring fabrics achieving the standard of certain requirements in order to satisfy consumers. Brown and Rice (2001, p183) pointed out that â€Å"dyeing and printing are merchandising decisions as much as technical decisions because colour is critical to consumers when considering which garment to purchase.† When consumers first walk into shops, the first component appears to them is colour and the patterns of the garment. Buyers should always keep track on the fashion trend and the latest technology of dyeing and printing as well as competitors movements before making decisions as wrong decisions made may result in no sales and lose money, it is clearly shown by the failure case study of Marks and Spencer choosing the colour ‘grey to be the theme colour of its products. On the other hand, when making decisions, buyers should take into account the cost of the finishings needed to be applied to the fabrics and products, some finishings require special machinery for which not every manufacturer will have and for those who have, will demand a higher price for produci ng. For example, an additional cost of mercerizing process will be added to manufacturing the cotton fabric. Also, most of the time, fabrics are to be dyed into required colours and the cost of the fabric should include the dyeing cost, however for a product designed with garment dye finishing will cost more as manufacturers do not own a dyeing mill. Labour cost will also includes due to the constructions of the products using complicated machinery such as the cost of sewing in lock stitch will be less than sewing five-thread decorative overlock stitch. Cost can be eliminated in such minor sections to keep the whole production cost down, for one of the duties of buyer is to keep manufacturing cost down in order to make most profit for the company. Manually prototypes are manufactured with designated materials, colours and prints, then fitted on a model for buyers and designers reviewing if there should be any amendments, and while clothing designers use CAD systems together with other IT systems such as V-stitcher to perform ideas and stimulate designs by editing details, it is a more convenience and less time-consuming way to visual prototypes and change the materials, colourways, print patterns, trims and even the silhouette of a garment in a 2D and 3D computerized system as efficiency is crucial in this fast fashion industry. However, these digital systems are not affordable for every company. Consumers are concerned about apparel sizing and fit, they tend to purchase garments make them look well dressed and it is indicated by Brown and Rice (2005, p154) that â€Å"manufacturers aim to produce apparel that consistently fits their target market because apparel that fits increases sales and customer satisfaction† as well as gaining customer loyalty for they can expect to find a good fit as found before. The size range of garments available in store maybe different between retailers depending on what their target customer is. Moreover, garment measurements also vary between styles according to the perception of fashion, for example, the latest trend for womens top is oversized, measurement on shoulder of the fashion items will be bigger than a basic crew neck t-shirt. In order to achieve good fit, 3D body scanner can be applied to collect measurements of a model in the retailers target market group and transferring into computer data and collaborating technology of body scanning and V-stitcher, an avatar representing specific target market group is developed in V-stitcher system. Together with CAD system, where patterns are prepared, designers and buyers can review the styles on the avatar by different poses and movement and amend the fitting if necessary. Constructions of a garment can also be demonstrated in this collaboration system by putting specification of stitches and seams onto the prototypes. Nevertheless, it is difficult to examine the suitability use of stitches and seams without an actual finished prototype is produced. Conclusion This study illustrated the application of technology in the clothing and apparel industry from fibres to fabrics and to finished products, it is indeed used throughout all stages by designers, buyers and manufactures with digital and manual systems. Fibres and fabrics are being developed continuously, design and product development processes are becoming more and more dependent on the digital technology systems as demonstrated by Lectra, it is very useful to creating all the virtual images of designs, colourways and materials and generating into a collection in a computerized system. Technology is demonstrated as an advancement of this fast fashion industry. In order to success in the new product development, fashion buyers are responsible for making decisions for a complete collection of styles, based on researching the market for the latest trends, the consumer behaviours, and the most important is the application of technology. Design may be the key factor of a successful product, however, will not succeed without assistance with technology. The key elements of technology that influents fashions buyers decision in a new product development will be the technology achieving better fit and better quality to a garment.

Discrimination :: Essays Papers

Discrimination Janet Smith awoke early morning to prepare for her job interview at Britax Vision Systems. She started the coffeepot in the kitchen and returned to her bedroom to sort through her wardrobe. After careful consideration, she decided on a navy blue pantsuit with white trim and matching dress shoes. After Janet had taken her shower, she dressed and went back to the kitchen to grab a bite to eat. Deciding on an English muffin, she sat down at the table to enjoy it along with her coffee. Janet finished her breakfast, brushed her teeth, and continued readying herself for the meeting. Once her morning ritual was complete, Janet got into her blue Escort and drove to Britax with the sound of Jimmy Buffet in her ears. Upon arrival, Janet parked her car in the guest parking lot and turned off the ignition. Giving herself another look over in the mirror, along with a few words of encouragement, she headed towards the main building. After she had entered through the double glass doors, she approached a nearby desk. Behind the desk sat a young, light-brown haired woman. The nameplate on her desk read Ashley. Ashley was an attractive girl with bright green eyes with blue speckles at the edges. She wore a cranberry vest along with a matching skirt that, to Janet, seemed much to short for an office job. After a few seconds of waiting, Ashley looked up at Janet questioningly. â€Å"Hi, I’m here for my interview. My name is Janet Smith and I have an eleven o’clock appointment†, she said confidently. The young girl opened a small leather book at the right edge of her desk and began scanning the pages. A moment later she returned her attention to Janet and instructed her to be seated across from the door to her left. There were five seats lined against the wall, each with black backing and gray upholstery. A man with dark hair and eyes sat farthest to the left. He wore gold-rimmed glasses that had slipped down his nose in the course of his reading. A Time magazine lay open on his lap. He scanned the pages slowly, although Janet suspected that he wasn’t really reading at all, but rather trying to pass time. Janet chose the middle seat and placed her purse on the chair beside her. She began thinking about her family. Her husband Mark had just had his 34th birthday, making him two years older than she.

Human Resources †Employing and maintaining staff Essay

Human resources is a department which is a key component for any size business as it’s responsibilities affect the whole business The main responsibilities of the Human resources department can be split into 4 areas, Employing and maintaining staff, Training for new employees, Procedures, laws and legislation and Providing a safe working environment. The recruitment process is important: because it ensures that everyone in the business follows the same procedure . The best possible candidate is hired and reduces the risk of hiring a unsuitable candidate , saves further recruitment costs . Makes sure money and time are being used efficiently and effectively . The Recruitment process : the steps involved in finding and appointing new employees A vacancy arises Vacancies occur in a business because of maternity/paternity, death, retirement , dismissal , promotion , expansion . A job description is written or revised based on the job analysis . Job analysis – to see if it’s necessary or can be shared by other employees . it allows HR to become ware to any changes that many need to be made in the job description . They do this by reviewing the job . This is important because it makes sure the job description is correct and includes all the responsibilities/tasks , so you can get the best possible candidate . A person specification or job profile is written Person specification – skills/attributes of the person (eg communication, the ability to work as a team , hold a driving license ) / Educational and vocational qualifications , such as GCSES and NVQS . This is to eliminate people that wouldn’t be suitable for the job , this saves money and time . it is important because it makes sure you don’t get the wrong candidate , ensures you get the best possible candidate . Serves as a measure which the applicants can be judged against . It helps to design the advert , select in interviews and short list . A decision is made about whether to recruit internally or externally Internally in large business – notice boards , emails , website – intranet , memos , appraisals , meetings and newsletters . Externally – local and national newspapers , Job recruitment agency , radio advert , company website , trade journals – specialist magazines , job centres , social media –twitter and Facebook . You need to consider these factors when deciding whether to recruit externally or internally : cost , target audience and how quickly you need them . This is important as you need to know if the job can be completed within the business by being spread out over employees , even though you would have to pay them for the extra hours they are doing . It would save money as you do not have to pay for the advert , you could send around an email or put a notice on the notice board . You could do 1 on 1 interviews rather than panel interviews . In panel interviews there is more staff , that are not doing their job because they are interviewing so replacement have to paid for . Advertisements are drawn up and placed in appropriate media Design job advert – includes job title and hours , skills/qualifications required , key duties , where the job is , how to apply and where to send the application . All of this information is important because they may have a busy lifestyle and be unable to do flexible hours , lack certain skills and qualifications . When the candidates view the advert they can decide for themselves if the job is unsuitable for them , this lowers the recruitment costs and the business does not have to waste time and money interviewing and sorting though the candidates application . The key duties, location , how to apply and where to send application are stated because on the candidate needs to be able to do these duties , reach the location and apply . Application forms are issued and/or cvs and letters of application are requested . The applicants will need to complete an application form / letter of application and cv . They are sent out to the applicants and the applicants return to them to the correct business within the business . This helps with short listing . The job description and person specification are compared against to check for correct qualifications . The application form is the best to judge against , as they all have the same layout so this makes them quicker to judge against . There is also no discrimination as all candidates are given the same questions . Short listing takes place Short listing – selecting the candidates who best meet the qualities , qualifications and experiences requested on the job description . Primark and other large companies make applicants take an aptitude test and selection questions as this saves time and money . Interviews are held and assessment and testing takes place Factors to consider before the interview : Who will interview the candidates? Most likely the supervisor of the member / staff responsible for them/ store manager / HR manager . Is it going to be a One to one or panel interview . Panel interview is more fair as it is less biased . Where will you interview the candidates ? Make sure here is no interruptions , quiet and accessible for disabled candidates . What questions will be asked . All the candidates get asked the same questions , reduces discrimination . Judged on all the same questions , easy to compare . Need to cater to all , eg Deaf people . How to ensure fairness in the interview? What tests will you run , aptitude and psychometric tests? This is important because in the application form a candidate could lie and say they are confident as they are sitting in front of a computer screen . Many mistakes are made in the interview and it is easily to judge the candidate a nd tell when they are lying . Selection takes place and someone is appointed You should seek references from previous posts , to ensure that the candidates have been honest throughout , and not omitted to inform prospective employer of any issues that many effect his/her ability to do the job . This isn’t done at the beginning as the candidate may have a current job and wouldn’t want their employer knowing unless they have an interview . This is important as if the candidate is not chosen they can call up and ask why they were not chosen , to ensure there is no discrimination against the candidate and there a valid reason for the selection . Contract of employment – rates of employment , hours to be worked , holiday entitlement , sick pay procedures , duties Letter of appointment : offer , job title , pay , start date , where to report to and other relevant information. Maintaining staff Staff retention It is important for a business to keep it’s staff because this will minimise disruption to other employees , as other employees will have to pick up the duties of that job whilst the recruitment process is being done . The new employees will not be trained so this can cause the customers to get annoyed at the bad customer service . The trained employees will have to be constantly looking over the new employees this can decrease productivity . The recruitment process is costly and time consuming , on average it costs  £2000 to recruit per person. It is costly because of the training costs and other factors . The longer the employees are there , the more familiar they will become with the businesses policies and the better they will get with the customers . A business such as Primark can encourage staff retention by having monetary rewards which will include discounts or a pay rise linked to them achieving a target / an appraisal . They can have flexible working schemes which allow staff to start and finish work later/earlier. The business needs to make sure the business has a safe and suitable working environment that is not detrimental to physical or mental health . Staff should be praised upon and recognised , they can be valued within the employee of the month . All staff should receive a fair pay with opportunities for promotion . If the staff retention is bad the labour turnover is high so this may put off future candidates from applying because they can see the labour turnover so will wonder so many people are leaving . They will assume the business isn’t that good as there are many problems making the employees leave so the business will not get the best candidates for the job . The recruitment process is expensive and is done in the certain steps to ensure the best candidate is chosen , this would make this process a waste of time . If employees are covering roles there is less time to spend with customers so this will affect the customer service . Appraisals Appraisals can also be done , this is an examination of an employees performance over a period of time , this is carried out by the employees line manager . An appraisal report will include the strengths of an employees , the development needs of an employee , a report on the achievement of objectives set at the previous appraisal and an action plan using the weaknesses to identify training needs. Labour Turnover HR measure how successful they are retaining staff by looking at the labour turnover for each year . Labour turnover is the proportion of employees leaving a business over a period of time . HR will analyse the results and look at the trends to decide on what action they think will be appropriate . This is important as the business needs to know if their staff retention is good or bad , as this affects the money in the business . High levels of labour turnover will indicate a problem within the business , HR will look at the main issues and take steps to address them . Low levels of labour turnover will indicate that the business is keeping it’s employees satisfied or that unemployment is high so fewer people are leaving for other jobs . To identify issues HR will carry our exit interviews so they discuss with the employee why they have left the business , and if HR can do anything to make them stay or improve the business for the future so this does not reoccur . Grievance HR must design and set up this the grievance procedure , they must ensure the process allows complaints to be dealt with quickly and fairly . This must ensure all staff have access to this . This is important so both the employer and employee are satisfied . Ensuring employees are trained as necessary in accordance with job role and business procedures The importance of training It is important for a business to train all its staff so the employees know how to operate in house systems such as operating tills. Also to make sure the business is remaining competitive and keeping up with customer requirements such as learning how new styles and cross selling. The staff need to be aware of the companies polices affecting legalisation , and health and safety . This also motivates staff as they can now operate efficiently. They will also have the same training as the rest of staff so they won’t feel left out and unmotivated . If the employees are motivated , they will give better customer service . This makes the business more competitive as the customers would go to their business over a competitor with bad customer service . This would allow the business to make higher quality goods and sell for higher prices . The more training an employee gets the more productive and efficient the employee can be , therefore there are lower costs for the business and mor e profit being made . So they can charge lower prices and attract more customers . Induction training The main aim of induction training is to make sure the employee feels motivated as soon as they join the business , and become familiar with their position to increase productivity . In induction training there are many things that need to be covered including aims and objectives and the history of the business. They will need to met key staff so when they start actually working there they will know who everyone is and where to go if they have problems . This is important because the employee is less likely to remember all the rules and policies if they put in a room and made to listen to them for the first day . Employees that do not get induction training will be unable to integrate into the team easily . They will fail to perform to their highest , have low morale and reduced productivity . All the information is broken down into different sections , each should be delivered by a different member of staff . A brief introduction into the business’s history allows senior management to be introduced to the new employee . Future plans for the business could be explained here , the idea of working at a focused , determined and fast-moving business is very motivating . Shortly after administration will step in and go through the contract of employment , this will include disciplinary / grievance/ sick pay procedures , what to do if you are unable to attend work , hours of work , rates of employment ,holiday entitlement and duties. Staff handbooks are given out , pension schemes and uniform requirements are explained. On the job training This training is given whilst the employee is doing their regular duties . It is done on a normal working day in the normal work place . A demonstration can be done this is working alongside an experienced employee and showing them what to do and what standard the work needs to be done to. Job shadowing is similar , the employee will watch an experienced member of staff perform the duties . The employee will have to watch carefully so when they are their own they can perform the tasks to the same standard . Observation is where the employee will perform their tasks are usual whilst being watched and then they are given feedback at the end . Coaching is where the employee learns new skills and have the chance to practice the skills with a coach before actually doing them at the workplace . The coach will watch them perform the skills and give feedback till the employee can perform the skill to a high standard . Mentoring is another option , the employee will be paired with an experienced member of staff and they can discuss the employee’s progress and problems. . On the job training is important because training occurs whilst you are doing day to day duties so training is less disruptive to productivity . You can also do computer based training which is commonly used in health and safety training , it is training through a computerised program . This is relatively cheap and easy to organise . In-house training can be carried out by a member of staff, they will be given the task of training other employees , this could be linked to new legislation .This ensures everyone is aware of new policies . There are disadvantages to this method they include employees not taking the training as seriously because they are just doing normal duties . Another member of staff may teach the employee a bad habit which they will pick up and do . The member of staff may not have received training on how to train effectively so their training could be a waste of time and ineffective. As the training is being done within the workplace there are more distractions so this could make the learning environment very difficult . Off the job training This training is usually done away from the normal workplace , they will not being doing their usual duties so they can focus their full attention onto the training . An external training agency can be brought in or an employee can carry out the training . As the employee is away from their normal work environment it is easier to focus and harder to get distracted . The employee is given the opportunity to discuss ideas with employees from or outside the business , this allows them to bond better as a team. Although there are disadvantages which include the cost , the cost would be higher if you hired an external trainer , there is lost productivity . Even though the employee is being trained , they are not doing their usual duties . HR must be able to identify training needs , not all employees need the same amount of training as they may have previous experiences . This is important as it reduces costs as the business will not have to pay for unnecessary training . New training is needed when there are new systems , new company policies , after illness periods , maternity , promotions and changes in the law/ health and safety . Costs The cost of on the job training includes that the employee will be less productive during the training period , if the trainer is a fellow employee they will not be doing their job and the training may disrupt other employees and decrease productivity over the whole department. The cost of off the job training includes the cost of the course , travel expenses , loss of productivity whilst the employee is on the course , other members of staff may become resentful as they have not been sent on the course so there will be a decrease in efficiency. If the training is on going , the costs will keep getting higher . Ensuring the business follows procedures, laws and legislation HR is responsible for ensuring that the business is operating within the employment laws , this includes the equality act 2010 , employment rights act 1996 and the health and safety at work act 1974 . The employees must be trained on these policies and trained again when there are new changes in the law . HR needs to understand the implications of not following the law .This is important as the business can be prosecuted if they fail to do so and they can be involved in a tribunal . Also the business can get a bad reputation and limit the employees willing to join the business . Corporate social responsibility and ethics can lead to customers not thinking the business is ethical and there will be a loss in sales . The employment rights act of 1996 sets out an employees basic rights , and includes the right to a contract of employment , holiday and maternity provision . The equality act of 2010 , tells employers that they may not discriminate on the grounds of race , age , religion , sexual orientation , sex, or disability against employees when recruiting , paying or promoting . The health and safety at work act of 1974 , sets out the requirements for keeping people safe in the working environment , this includes keeping accident books and recording visitors to a business. HR needs to look at these acts when doing tasks . When creating grievance / disciplinary procedures , adverts , job description , person specifications and short listing , the equality act is needed to help . When doing interviews , short listing and adverts , the employment rights act should be looked at . The health and safety act helps when doing the interviews and risk assessments , such as Primark does , they use this to make sure younger / disabled employees are safe and not working over time. Providing a safe working environment It is important to provide a safe working environment so there are no injuries caused to anyone , this is Primark’s job . The employee needs to ensure it’s own safety by working and behaving safely in Primark . An unsafe working environment can lead to a bad reputation to customers , this will cause a sales loss . A bad reputation can also put off potential employees , the recruitment process is time consuming and expensive so it is necessary that Primark does not limit the candidates . There is an accident book, which must be completed every time an injury occurs whether is it a minor or major injury . Every time a visitor enters the business , they must log on a visitor book . In the case of an emergency such as a fire , everyone must be evacuated and the business needs to know if everyone is safely out the building . If a visitor did not log onto the book , the business would be completely unaware that there person was there. In a visitor book , there are a few sections to fill out , this can vary business to business . Most often your name , reason for being there and who you are there to see and proof of identification are required . This is important as it makes sure no one at the workplace is put into danger . Fire safety is important when trying to make your workplace as safe as possible , this includes carrying out a fire risk assessment of the premises and reviewing it regularly , as well as telling staff of any risks you may find . Appropriate fire measures must be put in place and maintained , this includes a plan for emergency . All staff must receive fire safety instructions and training . All staff must be trained on a certain type of equipment before they use it . This is important as this reduces injuries , and if they are taught how to use it correctly they can work faster compared having to figure it out by themselves.